Use of External Driver to Energize a Seismic Source

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are seismic sources that may utilize an external driver to energize the air in the seismic source for generation of acoustic energy. An apparatus may comprise a seismic source comprising an internal cavity configured to contain a volume of a fluid. The apparatus may further comprise an external driver, wherein the external driver and the seismic source are coupled to permit fluid communication between the external driver and the internal cavity of the seismic source, wherein the external driver is configured to create a pressure wave that drives the seismic source and a gas resonance. The apparatus may further comprise a fluid reservoir, wherein the fluid reservoir and the external driver are coupled to permit fluid communication between the fluid reservoir and the external driver.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 62/086,601, filed Dec. 2, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Seismic sources are generally devices that generate acoustic energy. One use of seismic sources is in marine seismic surveying in which the seismic sources may be employed to generate acoustic energy that travels downwardly through water and into subsurface rock. After interacting with the subsurface rock, e.g., at boundaries between different subsurface layers, some of the acoustic energy may be returned toward the water surface and detected by specialized sensors (e.g., hydrophones, geophones, etc.). The detected energy may be used to infer certain properties of the subsurface rock, such as structure, mineral composition and fluid content, thereby providing information useful in the recovery of hydrocarbons.

Most of the seismic sources employed today in marine seismic surveying are of the impulsive type, in which efforts are made to generate as much energy as possible during as short a time span as possible. The most commonly used of these impulsive-type sources are air guns that typically utilize compressed air to generate acoustic energy. Other examples of impulsive-type sources include explosives and weight-drop impulse sources. The frequency content of these impulsive-type sound sources typically in use today is controllable only to a small degree. As a result, different sound sources may be selected for the generation of different frequency ranges based on the surveying needs. Notably, these impulsive-type sources also have limited acoustic energy output in the very low frequency band from 1-10 Hz. However, it is well known that as sound waves travel through water and through subsurface geological structures, higher frequency sound waves may be attenuated more rapidly than lower frequency sound waves, and consequently, lower frequency sound waves can be transmitted over longer distances through water and geological structures than higher frequency sound waves. Thus, efforts have been undertaken to develop sound sources that can operate at low frequencies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These drawings illustrate certain aspects of some of the embodiments of the present invention and should not be used to limit or define the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example apparatus in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a seismic source according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2B illustrates a top view of a seismic source according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example apparatus in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example apparatus in accordance with yet another embodiment.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example subwoofer that may be used in apparatus of the present disclosure in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example subwoofer that may be used in apparatus of the present disclosure in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 8 illustrates an apparatus in accordance with yet another embodiment.

FIG. 9A illustrates a stack assembly of seismic sources in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 9B illustrates a close-up view of the stack assembly of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10 illustrates a stack assembly of seismic source that includes components additional to the stack assembly of FIG. 9A in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 11 illustrates a stack assembly of seismic source that includes components additional to the stack assembly of FIG. 9A in accordance with another embodiment.

FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate an example linear motor that may be used in apparatus of the present disclosure in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example marine survey system using an apparatus in accordance with one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to particular devices or methods, which may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. All numbers and ranges disclosed herein may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range are specifically disclosed. Although individual embodiments are discussed, the invention covers all combinations of all those embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include singular and plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Furthermore, the word “may” is used throughout this application in a permissive sense (i.e., having the potential to, being able to), not in a mandatory sense (i.e., must). The term “include,” and derivations thereof, mean “including, but not limited to.” The term “coupled” means directly or indirectly connected. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted for the purposes of understanding this invention.

Embodiments relate generally to seismic sources for marine geophysical surveys. More particularly, embodiments relate to a seismic source that utilizes an external driver to energize the air in the seismic source for generation of acoustic energy.

FIG. 1 illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of apparatus 10. As illustrated, the apparatus 10 may comprise a seismic source 12, an external driver 14, and a fluid reservoir 16. The seismic source 12 may be coupled to the external driver 14. In some embodiments, the seismic source 12 may contain an internal cavity 18 that is coupled to the external driver 14. As a result of such coupling, the volume of fluid in the internal cavity 18 may be in fluid communication with the external driver 14. As illustrated, the external driver 14 may also be coupled to the fluid reservoir 16 such that the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir 16 may be in fluid communication with the external driver. The fluid reservoir 16 may be configured to have a variable volume. In operation, actuation of the external driver 14 should generate a pressure wave that travels from the external driver 14 to the internal cavity 18 of the seismic source 12 to energize the fluid in the internal cavity 18 (as well as the fluid in the pipe 42). In turn, energizing the fluid in the internal cavity should cause generation of acoustic energy, for example, by actuation of vibratory surfaces (e.g., base plates 20 a, 20 b). In addition, fluid may be resonated back and forth between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. This resonating flow of fluid or “fluid resonance” may assist the external driver, for example, by increasing the vibration amplitude of the external driver 14 and in turn of the seismic source 12, as compared to no connection to a fluid reservoir 16. In particular embodiments, the fluid resonance may increase the acoustic output of the seismic source 12 by as much as 14 decibels or even more as compared to a similar seismic source without fluid resonance.

With additional reference to FIG. 2A, a cross-sectional view of a non-limiting embodiment of the seismic source 12 is illustrated. As illustrated, the seismic source 12 may be in the form of a mechanical device, such as a “bender” (also commonly referred to as a “flexural-disc projector”). In some embodiments, the seismic source 12 may include flexible waterproof material (not shown), such as plastic or rubber. In other embodiments, however, the flexible, waterproof material may be omitted from the seismic source 12. However, the disclosure is not limited to the seismic source 12 being a mechanic device, such as a bender. The seismic source 12 may include other types of acoustic vibratory sources, sound projectors, and other such devices.

In this particular embodiment, the seismic source 12 may include components, such as a pair of base plates 20 a and 20 b. While not illustrated, springs and mass elements may be attached to the base plates 20 a and 20 b as desired for a particular application. In some embodiments, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may be generally planar. In particular embodiments, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may each be in the form of a flexible disk. In embodiments, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may each be flat, circular disks having substantially uniform thickness. However, other configurations, including both axially-symmetric and not, of the base plates 20 a and 20 b may be suitable for particular applications. By way of example, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may be rectangular, square, elliptical, or other suitable shape for providing the desired acoustic energy. The base plates 20 a and 20 b may be made from any of a variety of materials including materials comprising steel, aluminum, a copper alloy, glass-fiber reinforced plastic (e.g., glass-fiber reinforced epoxy), carbon fiber reinforced or other suitable flexible spring material. Examples of suitable copper alloys may include brass, beryllium, copper, phosphor bronze, or other suitable copper alloy. In some embodiments, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may comprise aluminum. The plates 20 a and 20 b may be made from the same or a different material. In particular embodiments, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may have a thickness from about 1 millimeter to about 12 millimeters or even greater. In general, the base plates 20 a and 20 b should have a thickness that allows sufficient deformation but withstand expected differential static pressures.

The base plates 20 a and 20 b may be secured together or otherwise positioned to provide the internal cavity 18 of the seismic source 12 between the base plates 20 a and 20 b. The base plates 20 a and 20 b may also be secured to one another in a manner that allows the base plates 20 a and 20 b to bend and create the desired acoustic energy. In particular embodiments, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may be coupled to another at their outer edges. In one non-limiting embodiment, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may be secured together by hoop 22, as illustrated on FIG. 2A. With additional reference to FIG. 2B, the hoop 22 may be secured to the base plates 20 a and 20 b in any suitable manner, including by use of bolts 23, for example. The internal cavity 18 may be bounded by the pair of base plates 20 a and 20 b and held in place by the hoop 22 that may be included in the seismic source 12. The hoop 22 may be configured to maintain a separation (e.g., a gap) between the pair of base plates 20 a and 20 b and facilitate a movement of the seismic source 12. For example, when the air in the internal cavity 18 is energized by the external driver 14 (as well as the air in the pipe 42 shown on FIG. 1), the base plates 20 a and 20 b may flex and bend to generate acoustic energy.

The internal cavity 18 may also include ports, such as 24 a, 24 b, 24 c, and 24 d illustrated in FIG. 2B. These ports 24 a, 24 b, 24 c, and 24 d may serve as apertures for transporting fluid to and from the internal cavity 18. Each of the ports 24 a, 24 b, 24 c, and 24 d may be configured to facilitate fluid flow between the internal cavity 18 and the external driver 14. In one non-limiting embodiment, ports 24 a, 24 b, 24 c, and 24 d may be connected to each other which may then be connected to the external driver 14.

The internal cavity 18 may be configured to hold a volume of a fluid, which may be a gas, such as air or another compressible fluid or gaseous substance. The volume of fluid within the internal cavity 18 may be dependent on the volume of the internal cavity 18, which in turn would depend on the dimensions of the internal cavity 18 (e.g., diameter, length, height, etc.). The volume of fluid contained within the internal cavity 18 may serve, among other purposes, as a compliant medium to reduce any impedance to the vibration amplitude of the base plates 20 a and 20 b. In some embodiments, the entire volume of the internal cavity 18 may not be filled with the fluid. For example, other fluids such as oils, alcohols, water/glycol mixtures, etc., may be used in the internal cavity 18. In some embodiments, the volume of fluid within the internal cavity 18 may be pressurized. In marine applications, for example, pressuring and maintaining the volume of fluid within the internal cavity 18 at an ambient hydrostatic pressure at an operating water depth may protect the seismic source 12 from collapsing from ambient hydrostatic pressure.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B, the fluid within the internal cavity 18 of the seismic source 12 may be in communication with the external driver 14. When the external driver 14 is actuated, the external driver 14 may generate a pressure wave that energizes the fluid in the internal cavity 18, second conduit 42, thus causing the base plates 20 a and 20 b to bend, flex, or otherwise be deformed, resulting in vibration and acoustic output. In this embodiment, the base plates 20 a and 20 b may bend, flex, or otherwise be deformed axially along axis of symmetry 26 illustrated on FIG. 2A. In non-limiting embodiments, the external driver 14 may generate a pressure wave in the fluid that travels from the external driver 14 to the internal cavity 18 of the seismic source 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the apparatus 10 may use a fluid resonance to increase the pressure wave imparted by the external driver 14. In some embodiments, fluid may be resonated back and forth between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. The fluid resonance may increase the acoustic output of the external driver 14 and in turn of the seismic source 12, as compared to no connection to a fluid reservoir 16.

Referring now to FIG. 1, embodiments of the apparatus 10 include an external driver 14. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the external driver 14 may be disposed external to the seismic source 12. As illustrated, the external driver 14 and the seismic source 12 may be coupled via conduit system 27. The conduit system 27 may include first conduit 28 that couples the external driver 14 and the seismic source 12. As a result of such coupling, the volume of fluid within the internal cavity 18 may be in fluid communication with the external driver 14.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the external driver 14 may be positioned between the seismic source 12 and the fluid reservoir 16. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the external driver 14 may be positioned closer to the seismic source 12 than to the fluid reservoir 16. However, other arrangements of the external driver 14 may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. For example, the external driver 14 may be positioned at any suitable location between the seismic source 12 and the fluid reservoir 16. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the apparatus 10 is shown with the external driver 14 positioned closer to the fluid reservoir 16 than to the seismic source 12. As illustrated in FIG. 4, another embodiment may include the external driver 14 positioned equidistant between the seismic source 12 and the fluid reservoir 16. The apparatus 10 of FIGS. 3 and 4 may still use fluid resonance for increasing acoustic output, but the locations of the resonance may vary based on the respective lengths of first conduit 28 and second conduit 42.

In addition, more than one external driver 14 may be used and arranged in series or in parallel. By way of example, FIG. 5 illustrates a pair of external drivers 14 positioned in series between the seismic source 12 and the fluid reservoir 16 with one of the external driver's 14 positioned closer to the seismic source 12 and the other of the external driver's positioned closer to the fluid reservoir 16.

The external driver 14 may be any suitable driver for generation of a pressure wave that energizes the fluid in the internal cavity 18 of the seismic source 12. In some embodiments, the external driver 14 may be an electroacoustic transducer for generation of acoustic energy. In non-limiting embodiments, the electroacoustic transducer may generate force by vibrating a portion of its surface. In other embodiments, the external driver 14 may be linear motor, such as a linear motor, which may be a linear magnetic motor that may be energized electrically. A suitable linear motor may include stationary electric coils and a magnetic component (e.g., a magnetic cylinder) that passes through a magnetic field generated by the stationary electric coils, or vice versa. An example embodiment with a linear motor is described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 12A and 12B.

With additional reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, a non-limiting embodiment of an external driver 14 is illustrated. As shown, the external driver 14 may be in the form of a loudspeaker, such as a moving coil electrodynamic loudspeaker. In particular embodiments, the loudspeaker may be a subwoofer to, for example, produce acoustic energy at 100 Hz or less and, alternatively, at 10 Hz or less. However, the disclosure is not limited to the external driver 14 being a loudspeaker or subwoofer.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, the external driver 14 may comprise a housing 30 enclosing a diaphragm 32, a voice coil 34, and a magnet 36. As illustrated, the voice coil 34 may be installed between the poles of the magnet 36 such that, when a signal is applied to the voice coil 34, the voice coil 34 may move back and forth, which in turn causes the diaphragm 32 attached to the voice coil 34 to move back and forth, energizing the fluid in the system, for example, in fluid reservoir 16, pipe 42, and internal cavity 18. In the illustrated embodiment, the diaphragm 32 may have a taper. With additional reference to FIG. 1, the diaphragm 32 may taper toward the fluid reservoir 16. However, the disclosure is not limited to the diagraph 32 tapering in this direction and, as illustrated on FIG. 3, the diaphragm 32 may also taper toward the seismic source 12. The housing 30 of the external driver 14 may further include ports 38 a and 38 b on either end that allow air to communicate between the seismic source 12 and the external driver 14 and/or between the fluid reservoir 16 and the external driver 14.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, first conduit 28 may be coupled between the external driver 14 and the seismic source 12. One end of the first conduit 28 may be coupled to the internal cavity 18 of the seismic source 12. For example, one end of the first conduit 28 may be coupled to port 24 a illustrated on FIG. 1. The other end of first conduit 28 may be coupled to the external driver 14, for example, to port 38 b.

Referring now to FIG. 1, embodiments of the apparatus 10 includes fluid reservoir 16. In the non-limiting embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the fluid reservoir 16 may be disposed external to the seismic source 12 with the external driver 14 coupled between the fluid reservoir 16 and the seismic source 12. Fluid reservoir 16 may include a cavity or container which may be made from a material such as, without limitation, metal, alloy, or polymer. Fluid reservoir 16 may be configured to contain a volume of a fluid, such as air or another compressible fluid or gaseous substance. The volume of fluid contained in the fluid reservoir 16 may be the same or different value than the volume of fluid within the internal cavity 18 of the seismic source 12. The volume of fluid would depend on a volume of the fluid reservoir 16, which in turn would be based on dimensions of the fluid reservoir 16 (e.g., diameter, length, height, etc.).

In the embodiment illustrated on FIG. 1, the fluid reservoir 16 may include aperture 40. Yet in other embodiments, the fluid reservoir 16 may include more than one aperture 40 (not shown). The aperture 40 may or may not include a valve or other device that may regulate, direct, or control the flow of fluid to and from the fluid reservoir 16. In the embodiments, in which the fluid reservoir 16 may include more than one aperture 40, any number of valves may be included, or valves may be omitted entirely.

In the non-limiting embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the fluid reservoir 16 and the external driver 14 may be coupled via second conduit 42, for example, to permit a fluid resonance therebetween. As a result of such coupling, the volume of fluid within the fluid reservoir 16 may be in fluid communication with the external driver 14. In non-limiting embodiments, a fluid resonance may accordingly pass between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the second conduit 42 may be coupled between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. One end of the second conduit 42 may be coupled to the external driver 14. For example, one end of the second conduit 42 may be coupled to port 38 a illustrated on FIG. 1. The other end of second conduit 42 may be coupled to the fluid reservoir 16, for example, to aperture 40.

With continued reference to FIG. 1, the apparatus 10 may include a conduit system 27. As illustrated, the conduit system 27 may include a first conduit 28 and a second conduit 42. The first conduit 28 and second conduit 42 may each individually be one or more hoses, pipes, or other suitable device. In some embodiments, the first conduit 28 and second conduit 42 may have a generally circular cross-sectional area that may be defined by a diameter, while in other embodiments, the cross-sectional area may be defined by any other suitable geometry. A volume of the first conduit 28 and a volume the second conduit 42 may each individually depend on dimensions of the respective first conduit 28 and second conduit 42. More than one first conduit 28 and more than one second conduit 42 may be included in the apparatus 10. For example, a plurality of the first conduit 28 may include a plurality of conduits arranged in an array and/or the second conduit 42 may include a plurality of conduits 42 arranged in an array. The seismic source 12 and the external driver 14 and/or the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16 may be coupled via such array. For example, FIG. 8 (to be discussed in more detail in other portions of the specification) shows an embodiment in which first conduit 28 includes an array of four manifold conduits 44 a, 44 b, 44 c, 44 d that joint into conduit segment 45. In some embodiments, a hole or opening in the external driver 14 may permit limited communication between the first conduit 28 and the second conduit 42, for example, to prevent or limit a static pressure difference across the eternal driver 14. By way of example, a small hole may be formed in diaphragm 32 (e.g., FIG.7) to permit communication between the first conduit 28 and the second conduit 42. It In some embodiments, this hole, where used, may be sufficiently small so that it may not significantly reduce the dynamic pressure generated by the external driver 14 at the drive frequencies (1 Hz and up), but may equalize the static pressure so long as the static pressure varies slowly, e.g., over many seconds.

As discussed earlier, the apparatus 10 may include an external driver 14. In some embodiments, the apparatus 10 may include fluid resonance, for example, a resonating flow of fluid back and forth between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. The fluid may resonate, for example, in response to an input of energy (e.g., applying a current to the voice coil 34 on FIG. 7). That is, the volume of fluid may be resonated within the apparatus 10 by the energy imparted to the volume of fluid based on the vibration of the external driver 14. In one non-limiting embodiment, because the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16 may be coupled, when the external driver 14 actuates, a fluid resonance may pass between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. In the embodiment in which the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16 may be coupled by the second conduit 42, a fluid resonance may accordingly pass between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16 by way of the second conduit 42. In this and other embodiments, a resonance frequency (or resonance) of the resonating volume within the apparatus 10 may be dependent on factors including dimensions (e.g., diameter and/or length) of the second conduit 42.

Specifically, when the external driver 14 includes a loudspeaker, the external driver 14 may include a voice coil 34, as illustrated on FIG. 7. Upon the voice coil 34 receiving a signal, the voice coil 34 may move back and forth causing the diaphragm 32 to move back and forth, generating acoustic energy. This movement may cause fluid to resonate between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. When the external driver 14 is driven at the resonance frequency of the volume of fluid flowing between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16, the dynamic pressure within the external driver 14 may peak. The resonance frequency of the volume of fluid may be determined based on dimensions such as a length and a cross-sectional area of second conduit 42. The resonance frequency of the volume of fluid resonating between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16 may also be affected by other parameters. Such other parameters may include a volume of fluid reservoir 16, a length, cross-sectional area and/or quantity of other components in the flow path of the volume of fluid (e.g., port 38 a) and ambient pressure. A suitable choice of these aforementioned parameters may cause external driver 14 to generate acoustic energy at a particular frequency range (e.g., below 10 Hz) and, in turn, cause the seismic source 12 to operate at a particular frequency range. The particular frequency range would in turn determine a range of corresponding advantageous water depths for operating seismic source 12. For example, when the seismic source 12 may be operating at a frequency of 5 Hz, the wavelength of the acoustic wave may be approximately 300 meters (e.g., based on a velocity in water of approximately 1,500 m/s) and the advantageous operating depth therefore may be approximately wavelength/4 or approximately 75 meters.

The fluid resonance may be adjusted by adjusting at least one dimension of the conduit system 27. Because a fluid resonance of the volume flowing between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16 may be approximate as proportional to the square root of the cross-sectional area of the second conduit 42 divided by the length of the second conduit 42, given a particular change in a cross-sectional area and/or a length of the second conduit 42, a corresponding change in the resonance of the volume of fluid within the second conduit 42 may be approximated or determined. In non-limiting embodiments, a resonance frequency of the fluid resonating between the fluid reservoir 16 and the external driver 14 may be adjustable or tunable based on adjusting or varying (e.g., a cross-sectional area, a length, etc.) of the second conduit 42. Second conduit 42 may include at least one dimension that is adjustable to change, adjust, or tune a resonance frequency. In one embodiment, the dimension that is adjustable may be the length of the second conduit 42. In other embodiments, the dimension that is adjustable or tunable may include a width, a diameter, a cross-sectional area or other dimension of the second conduit 42, or combinations of any of these dimensions. While illustrated, the portion of the second conduit 42 that is adjustable may be disposed in the fluid reservoir 16. Alternatively, when the fluid resonance may be between the seismic source 12 and the external driver 14 at least one dimension of the first conduit 28 may be adjusted.

Referring now to FIG. 8, apparatus 10 is shown in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the apparatus 10 may include stack assembly 46, an external driver 14, and a fluid reservoir 16. The stack assembly 46 may be coupled to the external driver 14 to permit fluid flow between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. With additional reference to FIG. 9A, the stack assembly 46 may comprise a plurality of seismic sources 12 a-12 h arranged in stack, for example. In operation, actuation of the external driver 14 may generate a pressure wave that energizes fluid within the seismic sources 12 a-12 h in turn causing generation of acoustic energy. The stack assembly 46 may be coupled to the fluid reservoir 16 with the external driver 14 disposed therebetweeen. In embodiments, the external driver 14 may be coupled to the fluid reservoir 16 to permit fluid resonance to pass between the external driver 14 and the fluid reservoir 16. As previously described, the fluid resonance may increase the acoustic output of the external driver 14 and in turn of the seismic sources 12 a-12 h.

Apparatus 10 may further comprise support structure 48 for stack assembly 46, fluid reservoir 16, and external driver 14. Support structure 48 may be in form of a frame as illustrated or any other suitable device for supporting the components of the apparatus 10. In the illustrated embodiment, stack assembly 46 may be disposed below upper portion 50 of the support structure 48, whereas the fluid reservoir 16 and the external driver 14 may be disposed above the upper portion 50. However, the stack assembly, 46, fluid reservoir 16, and the external driver 14 may be positioned at different positions with respect to the support structure 48.

In this non-limiting embodiment, first conduit 28 may couple the external driver 14 to the stack assembly 46. First conduit 28 may be in a general vertical configuration, as illustrated. In the illustrated embodiment, first conduit 28 may comprise manifold conduits 44 a, 44 b, 44 c, and 44 d which may be coupled to each of manifolds 52 a, 52 b, 52 c, and 52 d, as illustrated on FIG. 9A, of stack assembly 46, respectively. As illustrated, first conduit 28 may further comprise conduit segment 45 coupled to manifold conduits 44 a, 44 b, 44 c, and 44 d. In the illustrated embodiment, second conduit 42 may couple the external driver 14 to the fluid reservoir 16.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, a partial assembly of an embodiment in which seismic sources 12 a-12 h may be arranged in stack assembly 46. In one embodiment, the stack assembly 46 may comprise the seismic sources 12 a-12 h in a series configuration. Stack assembly 46 may comprise four manifolds 52 a, 52 b, 52 c, and 52 d. The manifolds 52 a, 52 b, 52 c, and 52 d may each include a hose, pipe, or other similar component. In one particular embodiment each of the manifolds 52 a, 52 b, 52 c, and 52 d may be a pipe or hose segment with about a three-inch diameter, although other diameters are possible and contemplated. Each of the manifolds 52 a, 52 b, 52 c, and 52 d may be couple to each of the ports (e.g., ports 24 a-24 d of seismic source 12 on FIG. 2b ) of the seismic sources 12 a-12 h. Each of the manifolds 52 a, 52 b, 52 c, 52 d may be coupled to the seismic sources 12 a-12 h.

FIG. 9B illustrates a close-up view of a portion of manifold 52 a, which may include in one embodiment eight port connectors (of which five port connectors 54 a-54 e are shown). In the illustrated embodiment, port connector 54 a may be coupled to port 24 a of seismic source 12 a. For illustrative purposes, seismic sources 12 b-12 h are not shown on FIG. 9B. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the stack assembly 46 may include stack support structures, such as 56 a, 56 b, and 56 c, which may hold the marine seismic sources 12 a-12 h in place within the stack assembly 46.

The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9A also shows that the stack assembly 46 may include a bottom plate 58 and top plate 60 to which the seismic sources 12 a-12 h may be secured. The seismic sources 12 a-12 h may be disposed on top of the bottom plate 58 and below the top plate 60 to form a stack configuration of seismic sources 12 a-12 h. The seismic sources 12 a-12 h may be disposed such that they are aligned with the stack assembly 46. The stack configuration may be secured to the bottom plate 58 and the top plate 60.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the stack assembly 46. As illustrated, the stack assembly 46 may further comprise endplates 62 a and 62 b. Endplates 62 a and 62 b may enclose seismic sources 12 a-12 h with top plate 60 (not in view) and bottom plate 58. As illustrated, manifolds 52 a-52 d may extend through endplate 62 a.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the stack assembly 46 which is coupled to a plurality of external drivers 14 a, 14 b, 14 c, and 14 d. In this non-limiting embodiment, the stack assembly 46 may comprise a housing 64 in which the stack of seismic source 12 a-12 h (not in view) are disposed. Housing 64 is optional and may be not used, in some embodiments, for example, where fill fluid may not be needed. As illustrated, the manifolds 52 a-52 d (of which manifold 52 c is not in view) may extend through the endplate 62 a of the stack assembly 46. In some embodiments, the external drivers 14 a-14 d may be arranged in parallel by, for example, being coupled to the manifolds 52 a-52 d in a parallel configuration, although other configurations that use a plurality of external drivers 14 a-14 d may be used, including a series configuration. Additionally, while FIG. 11 illustrates the use of four external driver's 52 a-52 b, the present invention contemplates the use of one or more external driver's with the stack assembly 46. While not illustrated, the external drivers 14 a-14 d may also be coupled to a fluid reservoir 16 as described herein.

Referring now to FIGS. 12A and 12B, additional embodiments of external driver 14 is illustrated in more detail in which the external driver 14 comprises a linear motor 66. In the illustration of FIG. 12, the external drive 14 is obstructed from view as it is disposed chamber housing 68 and reservoir housing 82. In the illustrated embodiment, the linear motor 66 is coupled to a piston 68. Linear motor 66 may operable to translate piston 68 in chamber 70. External driver 14 may further comprise a linear position encoder 67 for encoding position of linear motor 66. A seal 72 (e.g., Teflon™ seal) may be formed between piston 68 and chamber housing 74, which may be in the form of a steel sleeve, for example. Chamber housing 74 may contain an outlet 76 which may be coupled to seismic source 12, for example, by first conduit 28. Seismic source 12 and first conduit 28 are illustrated on FIG. 1. In some embodiments, a resonance pipe 78 may be disposed on the opposite side of piston 68 from chamber 70. In particular embodiments, resonance pipe 78 may fluidically couple chamber 70 with fluid reservoir 16. As previously described, operation of external driver 14 may generate a fluid resonance, for example, with a resonating flow of fluid between fluid reservoir and piston 68 by way of resonance pipe 78. In the illustrated embodiment, resonance pipe 78 may be coupled to motor mount 80 of linear motor 66. As best seen on FIG. 12A, linear motor 66 may be disposed in fluid reservoir 16. In the illustrated embodiment, second conduit 42 (e.g., shown on FIG. 1) has been omitted as fluid reservoir 16 and external driver have been integrated. As illustrated, both the linear motor 66 and the fluid reservoir 16 may be disposed in a reservoir housing 82, which may be coupled to chamber housing 68. Embodiments may further include a pressure relief device 84, which may be in the form of a pressure safety disc, burst disc, or other suitable device for protecting external drive 14 from over-pressurization. As illustrated, pressure relief device 84 may be disposed in an end of chamber housing 68.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example technique for acquiring marine seismic data that can be used with embodiments of the present techniques. In this non-limiting embodiment, a marine survey system 86 comprises a survey vessel 88 that moves along the surface of a body of water 90, such as a lake or ocean. The survey vessel 88 may include thereon equipment, collectively referred to herein as a “recording system.” The recording system 92 may include devices (none shown separately) for detecting and making a time indexed record of signals generated by each of seismic sensors 94 (explained further below), and for actuating a seismic source 12 (not in site) on apparatus 10. The recording system 92 may also include devices (none shown separately) for determining the geodetic position of the survey vessel 88 and the various seismic sensors 94.

As illustrated, the marine survey system 86 may further comprise an apparatus 10 towed by the survey vessel 88 (or a different vessel) in the body of water 90. A source cable 96 may couple the apparatus 10 to the survey vessel 88. The apparatus 10 may be towed in the body of water 90 at a depth ranging from 0 meters to about 120 meters, for example, or even deeper. At selected times, the seismic source 12 (not in site) may be triggered, for example, by the recording system 92, to generate acoustic energy.

In some embodiments, the marine survey system 86 may further comprise at least one streamer 98 towed by the survey vessel 88 (or a different vessel) to detect the acoustic energy that originated from the seismic source 12 after it has interacted, for example, with formations 100 below the water bottom 102. As illustrated, both the apparatus 10 and the streamer 98 may be towed above the water bottom 102. The streamer 98 may contain seismic sensors 94 thereon at spaced apart locations. In some embodiments, more than one streamer 98 may be towed by the survey vessel 88, which may be spaced apart laterally, vertically, or both laterally and vertically. While not shown, some seismic surveys locate seismic sensors 94 on ocean bottom cables or nodes in addition to, or instead of, streamer 98. The seismic sensors 94 may be any type of seismic sensors 94 known in the art, including hydrophones, geophones, particle velocity sensors, particle displacement sensors, particle acceleration sensors, or pressure gradient sensors, for example. By way of example, the seismic sensors 94 may generate response signals, such as electrical or optical signals, in response to detected acoustic energy. Signals generated by the seismic sensors 94 may be communicated to the recording system 92. The detected energy may be used to infer certain properties of the subsurface rock, such as structure, mineral composition and fluid content, thereby providing information useful in the recovery of hydrocarbons.

In non-limiting embodiments, a geophysical data product indicative of certain properties of the subsurface rock may be produced from the detected energy. The geophysical data product may include processed seismic geophysical data and may be stored on a non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium. The geophysical data product may be produced offshore (i.e. by equipment on a vessel) or onshore (i.e. at a facility on land) either within the United States or in another country. If the geophysical data product is produced offshore or in another country, it may be imported onshore to a facility in the United States. Once onshore in the United States, geophysical analysis may be performed on the data product.

Advantageously, the seismic sources 12 disclosed herein may display a low resonance frequency in the seismic frequency range of interest. In particular embodiments, the seismic sources 12 may display a resonance frequency (when submerged in water at a depth of from about 0 meters to about 300 meters or alternatively from about 30 meters to about 300 meters) in the seismic frequency range of interest between about 1 Hz to about 200 Hz. In alternative embodiments, the seismic sources 12 may display at least one resonance frequency (when submerged in water at a depth of from about 0 meters to about 300 meters or alternatively from about 30 meters to about 300 meters) between about 0.1 Hz and about 100 Hz and, alternatively, between about 0.1 Hz and about 10 Hz. In some embodiment, the seismic sources 12 may display at least one resonance frequency of about 10 Hz or lower (when submerged in water at a depth of from about 0 meters to about 300 meters or alternatively from about 30 meters to about 300 meters).

One of the many potential advantages of the systems and methods of the present invention, only some of which are disclosed herein, is that an increased pressure differential may be tolerated by the seismic source 12 by use of the external driver 14. For example, the tolerable pressure differential may increase from a few meters to +/−1 meter, thus enabling use of the seismic source 12 in rougher weather conditions with reduced burden on the static pressure compensation system. In addition, in some examples, the seismic source 12 may be more reliable in operation due to elimination of the fragile piezoelectric bodies, the bond between the piezoelectric bodies and base plates 20 a, 20 b, and the voltage required to energize the piezoelectric bodies. Another one of the many potential advantages of the systems and methods of the present invention may be that a seismic source 12 energized by the external driver 14 may be much less costly than use of the piezoelectric bodies while also having a potentially shorter development time to the commercial production. Seismic sources 12 without the piezoelectric bodies may also have less costly routine maintenance due to their reduced costs. Moreover, no special amplifiers may be required wherein multiple external drivers 14 may be wired in series/parallel combinations to provide the desired impedance. Additionally, it is believed that the output may be increased per seismic source 12, reducing system cost and size, wherein base plates 20, 20 b that may be all aluminum, for example, may be able to be driven harder. Should there be a catastrophic failure of the static pressure compensation system or an event that causes the depth to change too quickly, less damage may occur if piezoelectric bodies are not used with potential repair only requiring only replacement of the benders and the electroacoustic transmitting transducers.

The foregoing figures and discussion are not intended to include all features of the present techniques to accommodate a buyer or seller, or to describe the system, nor is such figures and discussion limiting but exemplary and in the spirit of the present techniques. 

What is claimed is:
 1. (canceled)
 2. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the external driver is a loudspeaker.
 3. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the external driver is a linear motor coupled to a piston.
 4. An apparatus comprising: a seismic source comprising an internal cavity configured to contain a volume of a fluid; an external driver, wherein the external driver and the seismic source are coupled to permit fluid communication between the external driver and the internal cavity of the seismic source, wherein the external driver is configured to create a pressure wave that drives the seismic source and a fluid resonance; wherein the seismic source comprises a pair of base plates that are secured together to provide the internal cavity between the base plates; and a fluid reservoir, wherein the fluid reservoir and the external driver are coupled to permit fluid communication between the fluid reservoir and the external driver.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the seismic source further comprises a port configured to permit fluid flow between the internal cavity and the external driver.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the apparatus further comprises a conduit system comprising a first conduit and a second conduit, wherein the first conduit couples the seismic source and the external driver, and wherein the second conduit couples the external driver and the fluid reservoir.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the conduit system has at least one dimension that is adjustable to change a resonance frequency of the apparatus.
 8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the apparatus further comprises a stack assembly that comprises a plurality of seismic sources arranged in a stack, wherein the stack assembly is coupled to the external driver, and wherein the plurality of seismic sources comprises the seismic source.
 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the apparatus further comprises a plurality of external drivers, and wherein the plurality of external drivers comprises the external driver.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the plurality of external drivers are arranged in parallel.
 11. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the seismic source is configured to have a resonance frequency of between about 0.1 Hz and about 10 Hz when submerged in water at a depth of from about 30 meters to about 300 meters.
 12. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the volume of fluid comprises a gas.
 13. (canceled)
 14. The marine survey system of claim 15 wherein the external driver is a loudspeaker or a linear motor.
 15. A marine survey system comprising: a survey vessel; and an apparatus towable behind the vessel, wherein the apparatus comprises a seismic source comprising an internal cavity configured to contain a volume of a fluid; wherein the seismic source is a bender, and wherein the seismic source comprises a pair of base plates that are positioned to provide the internal cavity between the base plates; an external driver, wherein the external driver and the seismic source are coupled to permit fluid communication between the external driver and the internal cavity of the seismic source, wherein the external driver is configured to generate a pressure wave that drives the seismic source and a fluid resonance that assists the external driver; and a fluid reservoir, wherein the fluid reservoir and the external driver are coupled to permit fluid communication between the fluid reservoir and the external driver.
 16. The marine survey system of claim 15, wherein the apparatus further comprises a stack assembly that comprises a plurality of seismic sources arranged in a stack, wherein the stack assembly is coupled to the external driver, and wherein the plurality of seismic sources comprises the seismic source.
 17. The marine survey system of claim 15, wherein the apparatus further comprises a plurality of external drivers, and wherein the plurality of external drivers comprises the external driver.
 18. (canceled)
 19. The method of claim 21, wherein a fluid reservoir is coupled to the external driver.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the resonating the fluid comprises resonating the fluid between the external driver and the fluid reservoir.
 21. A method comprising: actuating an external driver to create a pressure wave in a fluid; resonating a fluid to assist the external driver in creation of the pressure wave; wherein, the pressure wave travels from the external driver to an internal cavity of seismic source and in turn generates acoustic energy; and adjusting at least one dimension of a conduit system, wherein the conduit system couples the external driver to the seismic source and the conduit system couples the fluid reservoir to the external driver.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising towing an apparatus in a body of water, wherein the apparatus comprises the external driver and the seismic source.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising detecting acoustic energy that originated from the seismic source and producing a geophysical data product from the detected acoustic energy.
 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising storing the geophysical data product on a tangible, non-volatile machine-readable medium suitable for importing onshore.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the fluid comprises a gas. 